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| 149 BC |
| | | Rome picks a quarrel with Carthage to begin the Third Punic War | |
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| 146 BC |
| | | Carthage is destroyed by the Romans at the end of the Third Punic War | |
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| 90 BC |
| | | A three-year war, known as the Social War, breaks out between Rome and her Italian allies | |
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| -88 BC |
| | | The Roman general Sulla takes the unprecedented step of marching upon Rome with a Roman army, to restore his own faction to power | |
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| -86 BC |
| | | Sulla, campaigning to the east, besieges Athens and then allows his army to loot the city | |
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| -82 BC |
| | | Sulla takes Rome for the second time, after a battle at the Colline Gate, and then publishes his lethal 'proscriptions' | |
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| 53 BC |
| | | Crasssus is killed at Carrhae, in Turkey, when the Parthians defeat his army, largely thanks to their brilliance as mounted archers | |
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| 49 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar crosses the river Rubicon (the southern boundary of Gaul) with his army – and in doing so launches a civil war | |
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| 42 BC |
| | | Octavian and Mark Antony defeat the armies of Brutus and Cassius at Philippi, after which Brutus and Cassius commit suicide | |
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| 31 BC |
| | | Octavian defeats the forces of Antony and Cleopatra (both are at sea with their fleets) in a battle off the Greek coast at Actium | |
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