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| c. 46 BC |
| | | Cleopatra travels to Rome with Caesarion, whom Caesar now officially recognizes as his son | |
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| 45 BC |
| | | In the final act of his long struggle with supporters of Pompey, Julius Caesar defeats their last survivors at Munda in Spain | |
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| 44 BC |
| | | Mark Antony gives a dramatic speech in praise of Caesar, calming the crowd but also positioning himself for the next stage in an ongoing power struggle | |
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| 42 BC |
| | | After their victory at Philippi, Octavian returns to Rome and Mark Antony remains in the east to control the extremities of the empire | |
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| 37 BC |
| | | Herod, appointed king of Judaea by the senate in Rome, establishes his rule over Palestine | |
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| 30 BC |
| | | Octavian annexes Egypt as a Roman territory and takes back to Rome the vast treasures of the Egyptian pharaohs | |
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| 30 BC |
| | | With the annexation of Egypt, the entire Mediterranean falls under Roman control | |
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| 29 BC |
| | | When Octavian's Egyptian hoard reaches Rome, the standard rate of interest falls from 12% to 4% | |
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| 27 BC |
| | | Octavian is given the life-long title of Augustus by the senate in Rome, becoming in effect the first Roman emperor | |
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| 27 BC |
| | | Livy begins writing and publishing his History of Rome, a task which will occupy him for forty years | |
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