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| c. 185 BC |
| | | Plautus and Terence, in the second and third century BC, create a Roman drama based on Greek originals | |
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| c. 140 BC |
| | | The Greek astronomer Hipparchus is credited with the invention of the astrolabe, measuring the angle of sun or star above the horizon | |
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| c. 130 BC |
| | | The Greek astronomer Hipparchus, mapping the stars, observes but cannot explain the precession of the equinoxes | |
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| c. 130 BC |
| | | Hipparchus proposes a grid of 360° of latitude and longitude for mapmaking | |
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| 129 BC |
| | | Hipparchus completes the first scientific star catalogue, mapping some 850 stars | |
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| c. 100 BC |
| | | A Venus is carved in marble, and centuries later becomes an ideal of female beauty after being found on the island of Milo | |
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| -86 BC |
| | | Sulla, campaigning to the east, besieges Athens and then allows his army to loot the city | |
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| 48 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar defeats his rival Pompey at Pharsalus, in Greece, and makes himself master of the Roman world | |
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| 42 BC |
| | | Octavian and Mark Antony defeat the armies of Brutus and Cassius at Philippi, after which Brutus and Cassius commit suicide | |
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| 31 BC |
| | | Octavian defeats the forces of Antony and Cleopatra (both are at sea with their fleets) in a battle off the Greek coast at Actium | |
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