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| 41 BC |
| | | Cleopatra persuades Mark Antony to execute her sister Arsinoe, thus removing her last potential rival in the Egyptian royal family | |
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| 41 BC |
| | | Mark Antony spends the winter with Cleopatra in Alexandria | |
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| 40 BC |
| | | Cleopatra gives birth to twins and calls them Alexander and Cleopatra | |
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| 37 BC |
| | | Virgil's reputation is established by his ten Eclogues, influenced by the Italian countryside in the region of his birth near Mantua | |
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| 37 BC |
| | | Antony and Cleopatra, accompanied by their three-year-old twins, marry in Antioch | |
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| 37 BC |
| | | Herod, appointed king of Judaea by the senate in Rome, establishes his rule over Palestine | |
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| 36 BC |
| | | Cleopatra gives birth to another son of Mark Antony's and calls him Ptolemy Philadelphus | |
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| c. 34 BC |
| | | Maecenas buys a farm for Horace, in the Sabine hills near Tivoli - the most fruitful of his many acts of patronage | |
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| 34 BC |
| | | In a spectacular cerermony known as the Donations of Alexandria, Mark Antony distributes the eastern Roman territories between Cleopatra, her eldest son (Caesarion) and his own three children | |
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| 31 BC |
| | | Octavian defeats the forces of Antony and Cleopatra (both are at sea with their fleets) in a battle off the Greek coast at Actium | |
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