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| 44 BC |
| | | Mark Antony gives a dramatic speech in praise of Caesar, calming the crowd but also positioning himself for the next stage in an ongoing power struggle | |
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| 44 BC |
| | | Octavian, an 18-year-old student in Apollonia, hears that he has been named by his uncle, Julius Caesar, as his successor and heir | |
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| 44 BC |
| | | Soon after the assassination of Caesar, Cleopatra and Caesarion return to Egypt | |
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| 44 BC |
| | | Cleopatra appoints Caesarion, now aged three, her co-ruler and heir | |
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| 44 BC |
| | | Cleopatra's brother and co-ruler, Ptolemy XIV, dies – probably at her command | |
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| 43 BC |
| | | Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus meet in Bologna and form an alliance known as the second triumvirate | |
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| 42 BC |
| | | Octavian and Mark Antony defeat the armies of Brutus and Cassius at Philippi, after which Brutus and Cassius commit suicide | |
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| 42 BC |
| | | After their victory at Philippi, Octavian returns to Rome and Mark Antony remains in the east to control the extremities of the empire | |
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| 41 BC |
| | | Mark Antony summons Cleopatra to visit him in Tarsus, to answer rumours that she has been disloyal to the empire | |
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| 41 BC |
| | | Keeping her appointment with Mark Antony in Tarsus, Cleopatra arrives in a golden barge, dressed as the goddess of love – and he proves susceptible | |
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