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| c. 280 BC |
| | | A great lighthouse, subsequently one of the Seven Wonders of the World, is built on the island of Pharos, off Alexandria | |
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| c. 280 BC |
| | | The Jews of Alexandria commission the Greek translation of the Old Testament which becomes known as the Septuagint | |
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| c. 260 BC |
| | | The 500,000 scrolls in the library at Alexandria are listed in a catalogue, which itself runs to 120 scrolls | |
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| c. 250 BC |
| | | The organ, using a mechanical device to pump air through a set of musical pipes, is invented in Alexandria by Ctesibius | |
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| c. 250 BC |
| | | The first alchemists, working in Alexandria, are also the world's first experimental chemists | |
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| 239 BC |
| | | Ptolemy III issues the Decree of Canopus, the earliest known in the Ptolemaic series of public decrees inscribed in stone in two languages and three scripts | |
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| 196 BC |
| | | The text of the Rosetta stone is chiselled into a black basalt slab in the three scripts hieroglyphic Egyptian, demotic Egyptian, and Greek | |
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| 69 BC |
| | | Cleopatra, destined to become the last ruling pharaoh as Cleopatra VII, is born in Egypt – the daughter of Ptolemy XII | |
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| 51 BC |
| | | Ptolemy XII dies, leaving Egypt to his young son, now Ptolemy XIII, and to his older daughter Cleopatra | |
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| 51 BC |
| | | In the Ptolemaic tradition, Cleopatra marries her brother Ptolemy XIII and at the age of eighteen is joint ruler of Egypt | |
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