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| c. 15,000 years ago |
| | | The walls of Altamira, an extensive cave in Spain, are decorated with paintings and engraved images of horses, deer and above all bison | |
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| c. 2000 BC |
| | | The cemetery at Los Millares in Spain contains more than 100 beehive tombs | |
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| c. 1300 BC |
| | | Mycenaean merchants trade as far west as Spain and have links with neolithic societies far away in the interior of Europe | |
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| c. 500 BC |
| | | The Celts, moving west from central Europe, settle in France and northern Spain | |
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| c. 240 BC |
| | | Spain, with its mines of gold, silver and copper, is a hotly disputed region between Carthage and Rome | |
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| 228 BC |
| | | Hamilcar Barca dies fighting in Spain, after establishing a strong Carthaginian presence in the peninusula | |
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| c. 225 BC |
| | | A treaty defines the Ebro river as the Spanish boundary between Carthage and Rome | |
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| 221 BC |
| | | Hannibal succeeds to the command of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, on the death of his brother-in-law Hasdrubal | |
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| 201 BC |
| | | Carthaginian Spain is handed over to Rome to become two new provinces, at the end of the Second Punic War | |
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| 61 BC |
| | | Caesar sets off to take up a post as governor of southern Spain, where a series of profitable raids improve his finances | |
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