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| c. 31,000 years ago |
| | | Rhinoceroses, lions and mammoth feature on the walls of the Chauvet cave, in southern France | |
|  | Rhinoceros in the Chauvet cave
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| c. 29,000 years ago |
| | | In the Cosquer cave near Marseilles, with its entrance now far below sea level, a hand print is made | |
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| c. 25,000 years ago |
| | | A Brassempouy, in France, a Venus figurine is carved which is the oldest known example to have facial features | |
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| c. 16,000 years ago |
| | | The walls of the complex of caves at Lascaux in France are covered, over the years, with a vast number of paintings of animals | |
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| c. 4000 BC |
| | | A passage grave with a superb corbelled dome is constructed on the Île Longue off the southern coast of Brittany | |
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| c. 500 BC |
| | | The Celts, moving west from central Europe, settle in France and northern Spain | |
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| 121 BC |
| | | The Romans establish a province in the south of France, still acknowledged in the name Provence | |
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| 102 BC |
| | | The Roman general Gaius Marius defeats the Teutones, a German tribe which has made deep inroads into southern Gaul | |
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| 58 BC |
| | | At the end of his year as consul, Caesar travels north to become governor of northern Italy and southern France | |
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| 58 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar begins the long slow process of pushing Roman occupation steadily northwards in France (or Gaul) | |
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