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| c. 1700 BC |
| | | Hammurabi, in the process of winning control over the whole of Mesopotamia, conquers the northern territories of Mari and Ashur | |
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| c. 1700 BC |
| | | Hammurabi destroys Mari (concealing for posterity an extraordinary cuneiform archive not discovered until 1933) | |
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| c. 1531 BC |
| | | Babylon is destroyed by the Hittites, invaders from Anatolia, but reestablishes itself in subsequent centuries | |
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| c. 1000 BC |
| | | The abacus is used as an everyday method of calculation by Phoenicians and Babylonians | |
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| 689 BC |
| | | The Assyrian king, Sennacherib, destroys with great brutality the city of Babylon | |
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| 612 BC |
| | | The Medes and the Babylonians destroy Nineveh and bring to an end the power of Assyria | |
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| 612 BC |
| | | The Babylonians defeat an Egyptian army at Carchemish, but do not press on into Egypt | |
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| 605 BC |
| | | Nebuchadnezzar comes to the throne of Babylon, beginning a prosperous reign of more than forty years | |
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| 586 BC |
| | | After a long siege Jerusalem is taken by Nebuchadnezzar and the city, including Solomon's Temple, is destroyed | |
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| 586 BC |
| | | The Jews, taken into captivity in Babylon, form the first community of the Diaspora | |
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