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| | | | North Africa |
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| c. 5000 BC |
| | | The Sahara, damp enough for the hippopotamus, supports neolithic communities until it begins to dry up in about 3000 BC | |
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| c. 4400 BC |
| | | The first evidence of a loom comes from this period in Egypt, but some simple method of holding the warp must be as old as weaving | |
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| c. 4000 BC |
| | | A simple hand-held plough is in use in Egypt and Mesopotamia, at least 1000 years before a heavier version is pulled by oxen | |
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| c. 3100 BC |
| | | Upper and Lower Egypt are unified into a single kingdom, inaugurating the first Egyptian dynasty | |
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| c. 3100 BC |
| | | The Egyptians paint murals on the walls of tombs, designed to help the occupants in the next world | |
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| c. 3100 BC |
| | | The Egyptian hieroglyphic script develops at much the same time as the Sumerian cuneiform | |
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| c. 3100 BC |
| | | The pharaoh Narmer celebrates a victory with a sculpted relief showing his personal dominance over the enemy | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | An easily portable writing surface is developed, from the papyrus plant of the Nile | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | The lever is in use in both Mesopotamia and Egypt | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | Oxen are given the heavy work of pulling the plough, previously done by men | |
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