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| c. 12,000 years ago |
| | | A canine jaw, discovered in a cave in Mesopotamia, is the earliest evidence of the domestication of dogs | |
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| c. 8000 BC |
| | | Sheep are the first farm animals of which evidence of domestication survives, from a settlement in northern Iraq | |
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| 7000 BC |
| | | Barley is cultivated in the Middle East | |
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| c. 4000 BC |
| | | In Mesopotamia, and on the grass steppes of southern Russia, oxen are used to pull heavy loads on sledges | |
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| c. 4000 BC |
| | | A simple hand-held plough is in use in Egypt and Mesopotamia, at least 1000 years before a heavier version is pulled by oxen | |
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| c. 4000 BC |
| | | Beer is brewed in Mesopotamia, where barley is an indigenous crop | |
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| c. 3100 BC |
| | | Sumer develops as the first centre of Mesopotamian civilization | |
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| c. 3100 BC |
| | | Writing is developed, at Sumer, as cuneiform script on clay tablets | |
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| 3100 BC |
| | | The invention of writing marks the transition, in academic terms, from prehistory to history | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | The lever is in use in both Mesopotamia and Egypt | |
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