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| | | | Life sciences |
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| c. 65 million years ago |
| | | In a very short space of time the dinosaurs die out, for reasons as yet uncertain | |
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| c. 65 million years ago |
| | | Mammals evolve in many new forms on land and in the water, using opportunities made possible by the extinction of the dinosaurs | |
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| c. 45 million years ago |
| | | Primates evolve, from lemur-like animals to monkeys | |
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| c. 15 million years ago |
| | | A primate of this period, at ease both in the trees and on the ground, is probably the common ancestor of gorillas, chimpanzees and humans | |
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| c. 6 million years ago |
| | | Various species of ape develop the habit of walking upright on two feet | |
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| c. 4.5 million years ago |
| | | Certain primates, in eastern and southern Africa, are by now sufficiently like humans to be classed as hominids | |
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| c. 4.4 million years ago |
| | | Ardi, the earliest known individual of partially human type (or hominid), is of the species Ardipithecus, in the Awash valley region of Ethiopia | |
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| c. 3.2 million years ago |
| | | A female of the species Australopithecus Afarensis (nicknamed Lucy when her skeleton is found), lives in the Afar Depression in Ethiopia within 50 miles of where her predecessor Ardi was unearthed | |
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| c. 2.6 to 1.2 million years ago |
| | | The earliest Palaeolithic era, known as the Lower Palaeolithic, covers the period before the emergence of homo sapiens in the form of Neanderthal man | |
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| c. 2.2 million years ago |
| | | Creatures of the genus Homo, classified as early modern humans, are living in east Africa | |
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