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| 1960 |
| | | Nelson Mandela leads a new armed section of the ANC (African National Congress), formed in response to Sharpeville | |
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| 1960 |
| | | Albert Luthuli, president of the ANC in South Africa, is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize | |
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| 1961 |
| | | Joshua Nkomo founds ZAPU, the Zimbabwe African People's Union, in the British colony of Southern Rhodesia | |
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| 1961 |
| | | Commonwealth opposition to apartheid causes South Africa to leave the organization and become a republic | |
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| 1961 |
| | | Nelson Mandela and the ANC adopt guerrilla tactics against the apartheid regime in South Africa | |
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| 1962 |
| | | Frelimo emerges as a Marxist guerrilla group dedicated to winning independence for Mozambique | |
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| 1962 |
| | | Ian Smith's white supremacist party, the Rhodesian Front, wins power in Rhodesia's election | |
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| 1963 |
| | | Robert Mugabe and Ndabaningi Sithole split from ZAPU to found ZANU, the Zimbabwe African National Union | |
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| 1963 |
| | | The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland is dissolved, as the three colonies go their separate ways | |
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| 1964 |
| | | Ian Smith, now prime minister of Rhodesia, arrests leading black politicians Joshua Nkomo and Robert Mugabe | |
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