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| 1959 |
| | | Soviet spacecraft Luna 2 successfully strikes the moon, in the Palus Putredinus region | |
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| 1959 |
| | | Soviet spacecraft Luna 3, passing by the moon at a distance of some 40,000 miles, is able to photograph the far side | |
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| 1961 |
| | | Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human to travel in space, orbiting the earth once in Vostok 1 | |
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| 1961 |
| | | US astronaut Alan Shepard becomes the first American in space, with a suborbital flight in Freedom 7 | |
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| 1961 |
| | | President Kennedy commits the US to placing a man on the moon and bringing him back safely by 1970 | |
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| 1963 |
| | | Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman in space, flying solo in Vostok 6 | |
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| 1965 |
| | | Soviet cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov is the first to walk in space, moving round outside the Voshkod 2 spacecraft for more than ten minutes | |
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| 1966 |
| | | The Soviet spacecraft Luna 9 is the first to achieve a soft-landing on the moon and to send back photographic data from the surface | |
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| 1966 |
| | | The Soviet spacecraft Luna 10 orbits the moon and broadcasts the Internationale to the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party | |
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| 1967 |
| | | British research student Jocelyn Bell and her Cambridge supervisor Antony Hewish identify the first known pulsar | |
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