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| 1957 |
| | | Nikita Khrushchev's position in the Soviet Communist party is secure after the failure of a plot to remove him | |
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| 1957 |
| | | The USSR launches Sputnik, the world's first artificial satellite | |
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| 1957 |
| | | Boris Pasternak's only novel, Doctor Zhivago, is first published in an Italian translation | |
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| 1957 |
| | | The Russian spacecraft Sputnik II puts into space a living creature, the dog Laika | |
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| 1959 |
| | | Soviet spacecraft Luna 1 goes into orbit round the sun, between the orbits of Earth and Mars | |
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| 1959 |
| | | Vice-president Richard Nixon engages in a 'kitchen debate' with Soviet leader Nikita Khruschev at a US exhibition in Moscow | |
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| 1959 |
| | | Soviet spacecraft Luna 2 successfully strikes the moon, in the Palus Putredinus region | |
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| 1959 |
| | | Soviet spacecraft Luna 3, passing by the moon at a distance of some 40,000 miles, is able to photograph the far side | |
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| 1960 |
| | | Soviet forces shoot down a US high-altitude U-2 spy plane and capture the pilot, Gary Powers | |
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| 1961 |
| | | Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human to travel in space, orbiting the earth once in Vostok 1 | |
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