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| 1911 |
| | | Ernest Rutherford proposes the concept of the nucleus as a positively charged mass at the centre of an atom | |
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| 1913 |
| | | Albert Einstein formulates the law of photochemical equivalence, a fundamental principle of chemical reactions induced by light | |
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| 1913 |
| | | Lawrence Bragg and his father, William, together develop X-ray crystallography, based on the diffraction patterns of crystals | |
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| 1913 |
| | | The Danish physicist Niels Bohr uses quantum theory as a key to understanding the structure of the atom | |
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| 1913 |
| | | English physicist Henry Moseley proposes that the atomic number of an element is a physical reality, thus laying the basis for the modern periodic table | |
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| 1915 |
| | | Einstein submits a paper, The field equations of gravitation, containing the sums required to explain the general theory of relativity | |
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| 1925 |
| | | 23-year-old German physicist Werner Heisenberg publishes his ground-breaking theory of quantum mechanics | |
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| 1925 |
| | | Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli formulates his exclusion principle, stating that no two electrons in an atom can have the same four quantum numbers | |
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| 1927 |
| | | Werner Heisenberg publishes his Uncertainty Principle, declaring that it is impossible to define precisely the position and momentum of a sub-atomic particle | |
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| 1930 |
| | | Wolfgang Pauli announces his mathematical proof of the existence of the particle subsequently known as the neutrino | |
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