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| 1903 |
| | | Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy identify the phenomenon of radioactive half-life | |
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| 1905 |
| | | Albert Einstein explains the photoelectric effect as a flow of discreet particles (quanta) of electromagnetic radiation | |
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| 1905 |
| | | In his special theory of relativity Albert Einstein reconciles the apparent clash between relativity and electromagnetic theory | |
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| 1905 |
| | | Albert Einstein relates mass and energy in the equation e = mc2 | |
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| 1906 |
| | | German physicist Walther Nernst establishes the Third Law of Thermodynamics, dealing with temperatures close to absolute zero | |
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| 1908 |
| | | German physicist Hans Geiger, working in England with Rutherford, develops an instrument that can detect and count alpha particles | |
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| 1909 |
| | | US physicist Robert A. Millikan devises an oil drop experiment that determines the charge of an electron | |
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| 1911 |
| | | Charles Wilson, using his cloud chamber to detect the passage of charged particles, obtains his first photographs of alpha and beta rays | |
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| 1911 |
| | | Ernest Rutherford proposes the concept of the nucleus as a positively charged mass at the centre of an atom | |
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| 1913 |
| | | Albert Einstein formulates the law of photochemical equivalence, a fundamental principle of chemical reactions induced by light | |
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