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| 1898 |
| | | British chemists William Ramsay and Morris Travers isolate the element xenon | |
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| 1898 |
| | | Marie Curie and her husband Pierre isolate a new element which they name polonium in honour of her native Poland | |
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| 1898 |
| | | Marie and Pierre Curie isolate the element radium, working without any protection because unaware of the danger of radioactivity | |
|  | Pierre and Marie Curie in their laboratory
Wellcome Library, London
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| 1906 |
| | | Frederick Soddy observes his first examples of chemically identical elements with differing atomic weights, to which he later gives the name isotopes | |
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| 1913 |
| | | Albert Einstein formulates the law of photochemical equivalence, a fundamental principle of chemical reactions induced by light | |
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| 1913 |
| | | Frederick Soddy uses the term 'isotope' (Greek for 'same place') to describe observed anomalies in the periodic table | |
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| 1922 |
| | | Linus Pauling, a graduate student at the California Institute of Technology, begins theoretical work on the nature of the chemical bond | |
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| 1939 |
| | | US chemist Linus Pauling publishes his collected discoveries on The nature of the chemical bond | |
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| 1945 |
| | | British chemist Dorothy Hodgkin describes the molecular structure of penicillin | |
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| 1949 |
| | | The technique of radiocarbon dating is developed by US chemist Willard Libby | |
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