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| 1865 |
| | | English surgeon Joseph Lister introduces the era of antiseptic surgery, with the use of carbolic acid in the operating theatre | |
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| 1875 |
| | | An outbreak of measles in Fiji, brought to the islands by British visitors, kills a quarter of the population | |
|  | Medicine man, Australia
Wellcome Library, London
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| c. 1882 |
| | | German bacteriologist Robert Koch announces his discovery of the bacillus that causes tuberculosis | |
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| 1885 |
| | | Louis Pasteur uses rabies inoculation to save the life of 9-year-old Joseph Meister, bitten by a rabid dog | |
|  | Jupille struggling with a rabid dog
Wellcome Library, London
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| 1887 |
| | | A German physiologist, Adolf Fick, grinds a pair of lenses to fit snugly in contact with a patient's eyeballs | |
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| 1897 |
| | | British physician Ronald Ross identifies the Anopheles mosquito as the carrier of malaria | |
|  | Anopheles mosquito
Wellcome Photo Library
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| 1900 |
| | | The Bayer company in Germany sells aspirin in the form of water-soluble tablets, the first medication of its kind | |
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| 1900 |
| | | Sigmund Freud publishes one of his most significant works, The Interpretation of Dreams | |
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| 1900 |
| | | The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov keeps dogs alive almost indefinitely by severely curtailing their bodily functions | |
|  | Five experimental dogs in Pavlov's laboratory
Wellcome Library, London
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| 1903 |
| | | German surgeon Georg Clemens Perthes discovers, in Leipzig, that X-rays can inhibit cancer | |
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