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| 1864 |
| | Pope Pius IX includes socialism, civil marriage and secular education among eighty modern errors listed in his Syllabus | |
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| 1870 |
| | Pope Pius IX, rapidly losing temporal authority, declares a new dogma – that the pope, when speaking from the throne, is infallible on matters of faith or morals | |
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| 1870 |
| | As the result of a plebiscite, Rome and the remaining papal states are included in the kingdom of Italy | |
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| 1903 |
| | Giuseppe Sarto is elected pope and takes the name Pius X | |
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| 1914 |
| | Giacomo della Chiesa is elected pope and takes the name Benedict XV | |
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| 1922 |
| | Ambrogio Ratti is elected pope and takes the name Pius XI | |
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| 1937 |
| | Pope Pius XI issues an encyclical, Mit Brennender Sorge, condemning the Nazi ideology of racism | |
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| 1939 |
| | Eugenio Pacelli is elected pope and takes the name Pius XII | |
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| 1958 |
| | Angelo Roncalli is elected pope and takes the name John XXIII | |
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| 1959 |
| | Pope John XXIII summons a second Vatican Council | |
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