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| 1740 |
| | | The Habsburg emperor Charles VI dies and is succeeded by his elder daughter, the 23-year-old Maria Theresa | |
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| 1740 |
| | | Frederick II, the king of Prussia, invades the neighbouring Habsburg province of Silesia, launching the War of the Austrian Succession | |
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| 1748 |
| | | The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the War of the Austrian Succession, but only postpones the continuation of hostilities (in the Seven Years' War) | |
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| 1756 |
| | | In what becomes known as the Diplomatic Revolution, two of Europe's long-standing rivals - France and Austria - sign a treaty of alliance | |
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| 1762 |
| | | 6-year-old Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart plays for the Habsburg empress Maria Theresa | |
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| 1763 |
| | | The Treaty of Hubertusburg, between Prussia and Austria, increases the power of Prussia among the many separate states of Germany | |
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| 1772 |
| | | Russia, Prussia and Austria agree a treaty enabling them to divide the spoils in the first partition of Poland | |
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| 1781 |
| | | The reforming emperor Joseph II emancipates the serfs in the Habsburg territories | |
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| 1786 |
| | | The emperor Joseph II is reported to have told Mozart that his opera The Marriage of Figaro has 'too many notes' | |
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| 1790 |
| | | Mozart's opera Così fan Tutte has its premiere in Vienna, in the court theatre of Joseph II | |
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