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| | | | Chemistry |
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| 1702 |
| | | German chemist Georg Stahl coins the name phlogiston for the substance believed to be released in the process of burning | |
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| c. 1735 |
| | | Swedish chemist Georg Brandt discovers a new metallic element, which he names cobalt | |
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| 1751 |
| | | The Swedish chemist Alex Cronstedt identifies an impurity in copper ore as a separate metallic element, which he names nickel | |
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| 1754 |
| | | Scottish chemist Joseph Black identifies the existence of a gas, carbon dioxide, which he calls 'fixed air' | |
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| 1766 |
| | | English chemist Henry Cavendish isolates hydrogen but believes that it is phlogiston | |
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| 1773 |
| | | Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele isolates oxygen but does not immediately publish his achievement | |
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| 1774 |
| | | English chemist Joseph Priestley isolates oxygen, but he believes it to be 'dephlogisticated air' | |
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| 1787 |
| | | French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier publishes a system for classifying and naming chemical substances | |
|  | Antoine and Marie Lavoisier in their laboratory
Wellcome Library, London
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| 1803 |
| | | English chemist John Dalton reads a paper describing his Law of Partial Pressure in gases (discovered in 1801) | |
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| 1803 |
| | | At the end of his Partial Pressure paper, John Dalton makes brief mention of his radical theory of differing atomic weights | |
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