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| 1648 |
| | | The Dutch chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont suggests that there are insubstantial substances other than air, and coins a name for them - gases | |
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| 1654 |
| | | Otto von Guericke uses sixteen horses to demonstrate in Regensburg the power of a vacuum | |
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| 1655 |
| | | Christiaan Huygens, using a home-made telescope, describes accurately the rings of Saturn and discovers the planet's largest moon, Titan | |
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| 1658 |
| | | Samuel Pepys has a two-ounce stone cut from his bladder, in an operation carried out at home in the presence of his family | |
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| 1661 |
| | | Italian doctor Marcello Malpighi discovers the capillaries, thus completing the evidence for the circulation of the blood | |
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| 1662 |
| | | British chemist Robert Boyle defines the inverse relationship between pressure and volume in any gas (subsequently known as Boyle's Law) | |
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| 1662 |
| | | An academy of English scientists is given a royal charter by Charles II and becomes the Royal Society | |
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| 1665 |
| | | The first recorded attempt at blood transfusion, at the Royal Society in London, proves that the idea is feasible | |
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| 1665 |
| | | Isaac Newton spends a creative period in Lincolnshire, at home in Woolsthorpe Manor, apples or no apples | |
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| 1667 |
| | | The first successful human blood transfusion is achieved in Paris by Jean Baptiste Denis, apparently saving the life of a 15-year-old boy | |
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