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| 1640 |
| | | In need of funds for the Bishops' War in Scotland, Charles I summons parliament to Westminster | |
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| 1647 |
| | | The Scottish army holding Charles I makes peace with parliament, and hands the king to parliamentary commissioners | |
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| 1647 |
| | | Charles I comes to a secret arrangement with a group of Covenanters in Scotland, winning their support | |
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| 1648 |
| | | Scottish Covenanters invade England in support of the English king, Charles I, in his struggle against parliament | |
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| 1648 |
| | | Parliamentary forces defeat the Scottish invaders and suppress other new outbreaks of royalist support | |
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| 1649 |
| | | Charles II, in the Hague, inherits the English and Scottish thrones of his executed father, Charles I | |
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| 1651 |
| | | Charles II returns to Scotland and is crowned king of Scots in the traditional manner at Scone | |
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| 1652 |
| | | Scotland and England are merged under English parliamentary rule, in a forced union which lasts eight years | |
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| 1660 |
| | | General George Monck marches south from Scotland to London, to intervene in England's unresolved political crisis | |
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| c. 1669 |
| | | The duke of York, heir to the English and Scottish thrones, is secretly received into the Roman Catholic church | |
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