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| | | | Physics |
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| 1646 |
| | | With the help of his more robust brother-in-law, Blaise Pascal provides physical proof that atmospheric pressure varies with altitude | |
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| 1654 |
| | | Otto von Guericke uses sixteen horses to demonstrate in Regensburg the power of a vacuum | |
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| 1665 |
| | | Isaac Newton spends a creative period in Lincolnshire, at home in Woolsthorpe Manor, apples or no apples | |
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| 1672 |
| | | Isaac Newton's experiments with the prism demonstrate the link between wavelength and colour in light | |
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| 1676 |
| | | Ole Roemer, a Danish astronomer working with Cassini in Paris, calculates the speed of light with an error of only 25% | |
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| 1678 |
| | | Christiaan Huygens expounds the theory that light consists of a vibration forming a ripple of waves | |
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| 1687 |
| | | Newton publishes Principia Mathematica, proving gravity to be a constant in all physical systems | |
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| 1714 |
| | | Fahrenheit perfects the mercury thermometer and decides on a 180-degree interval between the freezing and boiling points of water | |
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| 1742 |
| | | Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius proposes 100 degrees between the freezing and boiling points of water | |
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| 1745 |
| | | The principle of the Leyden jar is discovered by an amateur German physicist, Ewald Georg von Kleist, dean of the cathedral in Kamin | |
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