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| c. 1640 |
| | | The Dutch artist Gerrit Dou paints with exquisite precision and becomes leader of a group known as the 'fine painters' | |
|  | Dou, Lady Playing a Virginal c.1665 (detail)
Dulwich Picture Gallery
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| 1641 |
| | | The profusion of paintings on sale in Holland astonishes an English visitor, John Evelyn | |
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| c. 1645 |
| | | The Dutch artist Aelbert Cuyp paints landscapes that glow with the warmth of gentle sunlight | |
|  | Cuyp, Herdsmen with Cows c.1660 (detail)
Dulwich Picture Gallery
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| 1648 |
| | | The Dutch chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont suggests that there are insubstantial substances other than air, and coins a name for them - gases | |
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| 1648 |
| | | Spain recognizes the independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands | |
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| 1649 |
| | | Rembrandt creates an etching so desirable that it becomes known as the Hundred Guilder Print | |
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| 1652 |
| | | A clash at sea between English and Dutch fleets begins the first of three Anglo-Dutch wars | |
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| 1653 |
| | | Jan Vermeer marries and begins a quiet career as a painter and art dealer in his home town of Delft | |
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| c. 1655 |
| | | The painter Pieter de Hooch is a friendly guide through the welcoming spaces of the seventeenth-century Dutch courtyard and home | |
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| 1655 |
| | | Christiaan Huygens, using a home-made telescope, describes accurately the rings of Saturn and discovers the planet's largest moon, Titan | |
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