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| 1637 |
| | | War between English colonists and Pequot Indians brings disaster to the Pequots but safeguards the settlement of Connecticut | |
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| 1639 |
| | | Covenanters seize control of Edinburgh and other Scottish towns, launching the conflict with England known as the Bishops' War | |
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| 1640 |
| | | In need of funds for the Bishops' War in Scotland, Charles I summons parliament to Westminster | |
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| 1642 |
| | | Charles I, at Nottingham, raises the royal standard - signalling that he considers himself at war | |
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| 1642 |
| | | Charles I leads his army into action at Edgehill - the first, but inconclusive, battle in the English Civil War | |
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| 1642 |
| | | Charles I marches to within a few miles of Westminster (to Turnham Green), but withdraws without engaging the enemy | |
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| 1642 |
| | | Charles I withdraws to Oxford, where he establishes his court for the rest of the war | |
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| 1643 |
| | | The Prince de Condé and the Vicomte de Turenne emerge as brilliant generals in France's wars | |
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| 1644 |
| | | In the first decisive battle of the English Civil War the king's nephew, Rupert of the Rhine, is heavily defeated at Marston Moor | |
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| 1645 |
| | | Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell form England's first professional army, calling it the New Model Army | |
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