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| 1613 |
| | Galileo publishes his evidence, from sun spots, proving Copernicus right and Ptolemy wrong on the solar system | |
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| 1632 |
| | The Inquisition convicts Galileo of heresy and he denies the truth of Copernicus - on being shown the instruments of torture | |
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| 1655 |
| | Christiaan Huygens, using a home-made telescope, describes accurately the rings of Saturn and discovers the planet's largest moon, Titan | |
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| 1672 |
| | Giovanni Domenico Cassini, working in the Paris royal observatory, calculates the distance from the earth to the sun and is only 7% out | |
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| 1680 |
| | A comet intrigues Edmund Halley, who works out that it has been around before | |
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| 1758 |
| | A comet returns exactly at the time predicted by English astronomer Edmond Halley, and is subsequently known by his name | |
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| 1769 |
| | Captain Cook observes in Tahiti the transit of Venus, the primary purpose of his voyage to the Pacific | |
| | Hodges Tahiti Revisited (detail) National Maritime Museum
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| 1781 |
| | William Herschel discovers Uranus, the first planet to be found by means of a telescope, and names it the Georgian star | |
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| 1796 |
| | French astronomer Pierre-Simon Laplace publishes his nebular hypothesis, arguing that the planets formed from a mass of incandescent gas | |
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| 1894 |
| | Wealthy US astronomer Percival Lowell builds an observatory at Mars Hill in Flagstaff, Arizona | |
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