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| 1573 |
| | | William of Orange declares himself a Calvinist and assumes the leadership of the united provinces of the Netherlands | |
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| 1573 |
| | | The city of Alkmaar is saved when the Dutch breach their own dikes, threatening the Spanish troops with death by drowning | |
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| 1576 |
| | | The Pacification of Ghent unites all the provinces of the Netherlands in opposition to Spain | |
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| 1579 |
| | | The Union of Arras and the Union of Utrecht split the Netherlands into Catholic and Protestant camps | |
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| 1581 |
| | | In the Oath of Abjuration the northern provinces of the Netherlands formally reject the rule of the Spanish king, Philip II | |
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| 1585 |
| | | England's queen Elizabeth sends 6000 troops to support the Dutch rebels against Spain | |
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| 1588 |
| | | The House of Orange becomes the leading family of the new Dutch republic | |
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| 1588 |
| | | Seven provinces of the northern Netherlands consider themselves a new republic - the United Provinces | |
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| 1590 |
| | | Zacharias Janssen, a spectacle maker in the Dutch town of Middelburg, creates the first microscope | |
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| 1595 |
| | | A year after Mercator's death, his son publishes a bound collection of his maps with the title Atlas, or Cosmographic Meditations | |
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