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| 1539 |
| | | The Great Bible, commissioned by Henry VIII for use in every Anglican church, is published | |
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| 1541 |
| | | Protestant reformer John Calvin settles in Geneva and submits the city to a strict Christian rule | |
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| 1541 |
| | | Francis Xavier, companion of Ignatius Loyola and the first missionary of the Counter-Reformation, sets sail from Lisbon | |
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| 1542 |
| | | Pope Paul III establishes the Roman Inquisition, with the specific task of fighting against the Protestant heresy | |
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| 1545 |
| | | 3000 Waldenses are massacred as heretics in the villages of Provence | |
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| 1545 |
| | | A council of the Roman Catholic church is convened in Trent, to establish the tenets of the Counter-Reformation | |
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| 1546 |
| | | David Beaton, the archbishop of St Andrews, burns a leading Protestant, George Wishart, as a heretic and is murdered in retaliation | |
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| 1547 |
| | | John Knox is captured in St Andrews and is sent to serve in the French fleet as a galley slave | |
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| 1549 |
| | | The first version of the English prayer book, or Book of Common Prayer, is published with text by Thomas Cranmer | |
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| 1553 |
| | | Mary I succeeds to the English throne, and devotes her energies to the restoration of the Catholic faith | |
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