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| | | Central America |
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| 1542 |
| | New Laws are passed in Spain, in an attempt to protect the Indians on the encomiendas of Spanish America | |
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| c. 1550 |
| | Spanish galleons assemble each year at Portobelo to deliver European goods and to ship home the metals of Latin America | |
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| c. 1570 |
| | Privateers frequent the Spanish main to plunder the richly laden caravels on their way home to Europe | |
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| 1698 |
| | Scotland makes a disastrous attempt to establish a colony in Darien, on the isthmus of Panama | |
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| 1810 |
| | The parish priest of Dolores sparks a rebellion against the Spanish authorities in Mexico with his Grito de Dolores | |
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| 1813 |
| | Rebels meeting for a conference in Chilpancingo proclaim a short-lived Mexican independence | |
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| 1815 |
| | The Spanish suppress the independence movement in Mexico with the capture and execution of its leader, Jose Maria Morelos | |
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| 1821 |
| | A reactionary movement led by Agustín de Iturbide wins new and lasting independence for Mexico | |
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| 1822 |
| | Agustin de Iturbide declares himself emperor of the new nation of Mexico, as Agustin I | |
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| 1823 |
| | Guatemala declares independence following the example of neighbouring Mexico | |
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