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| from 1517 |
| | | From Bosnia to Egypt and Arabia, the Ottoman Turks now rule the largest Muslim empire since the early caliphate - and will frequently use the title of caliph to assert their authority within Sunni Islam | |
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| 1521 |
| | | The Turkish sultan, Suleiman I, marches into the kingdom of Hungary and captures Belgrade | |
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| 1526 |
| | | The Hungarian king, Louis II, is killed in battle at Mohacs, where the Turks win a crushing victory | |
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| 1541 |
| | | Suleiman I takes Buda (now Budapest), and by 1547 the Turks occupy almost the whole of Hungary | |
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| 1547 |
| | | Hungary is divided, by agreement between the Turkish sultan Suleiman I and the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand I | |
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| 1571 |
| | | Spanish and Venetian galleys defeat the Turks in the battle of Lepanto | |
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| 1573 |
| | | Venice cedes the island of Cyprus to the Turks, in spite of the Christian victory at Lepanto two years earlier | |
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| 1574 |
| | | The Ottoman empire finally asserts control over the north African coast, in the footsteps of Muslim pirates | |
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| 1683 |
| | | The emperor, Leopold I, and his court abandon Vienna on the approach of a Turkish army | |
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| 1683 |
| | | The Turks are driven from the walls of Vienna by the Polish king John Sobieski, in what proves a historic turning point | |
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