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| 1510 |
| | | The Portuguese seize Goa and make it their colonial capital in India | |
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| 1511 |
| | | The Portuguese take control of Malacca, in the Malay peninsula, as a base for trade further east | |
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| 1512 |
| | | The Portuguese make treaties in the Moluccas (or Spice Islands), to trade in cloves and nutmeg | |
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| 1514 |
| | | The Portuguese capture Hormuz and establish a garrison to control the Gulf of Oman | |
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| 1517 |
| | | The Ottoman sultan, Selim I, captures Cairo and ends Mameluke rule in the middle east | |
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| 1517 |
| | | The last Abbasid caliph, captured by the Ottoman Turks, is taken as a prisoner to Istanbul - ending the authentic line of 'successors' to Muhammad | |
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| from 1517 |
| | | From Bosnia to Egypt and Arabia, the Ottoman Turks now rule the largest Muslim empire since the early caliphate - and will frequently use the title of caliph to assert their authority within Sunni Islam | |
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| 1521 |
| | | Ferdinand Magellan is killed in the Philippines, in a skirmish with natives | |
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| 1526 |
| | | In a battle at Panipat Babur defeats the sultan of Delhi, launching the Mughal empire in India | |
|  | Elephant armour of a type probably worn at Panipat
Royal Armouries
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| 1527 |
| | | Victory at Khanua, over a Hindu confederation of Rajput rulers, brings Babur a tenuous control over most of northwest India | |
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