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| | | | South America |
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| 1501 |
| | | Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci sets sail from Lisbon to explore to the south of the New World | |
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| 1525 |
| | | The Inca emperor, Huayna Capac, dies in an epidemic of a western disease, smallpox | |
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| 1525 |
| | | Ruling respectively from Cuzco and Quito, Huáscar and Atahualpa compete for the empire of their father, Huayna Capac | |
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| 1530 |
| | | Francisco Pizarro sails from Panama to attempt the conquest of Peru | |
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| 1530 |
| | | Atahualpa defeats and kills his half-brother Huáscar, thus winning control of the entire Inca empire | |
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| 1531 |
| | | Francisco Pizarro leads 168 men, with about 30 horses, into the territory of the Inca empire | |
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| 1532 |
| | | Pizarro and his tiny force ambush and massacre the Inca court in Cajamarca, capturing Atahualpa himself alive | |
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| 1532 |
| | | Atahualpa agrees to buy his freedom from the Spaniards with a room full of gold and another of silver | |
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| 1533 |
| | | Although the ransom has been paid, Atahualpa is executed by the Spaniards — who ensure that he dies a Christian | |
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| 1533 |
| | | The Spanish conquistadors capture and sack the Inca capital of Cuzco, high in the Andes | |
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