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| c. 1500 |
| | | The female mamakuna and the male yanakuna are selected in childhood to serve the Inca state | |
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| c. 1500 |
| | | The Inca empire has about 25,000 miles of well-serviced roads, designed for caravans of llamas | |
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| c. 1500 |
| | | In Cuzco's great temple, the sacrifices are usually of llamas, occasionally of humans | |
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| 1525 |
| | | The Inca emperor, Huayna Capac, dies in an epidemic of a western disease, smallpox | |
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| 1525 |
| | | Ruling respectively from Cuzco and Quito, Huáscar and Atahualpa compete for the empire of their father, Huayna Capac | |
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| 1530 |
| | | Francisco Pizarro sails from Panama to attempt the conquest of Peru | |
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| 1530 |
| | | Atahualpa defeats and kills his half-brother Huáscar, thus winning control of the entire Inca empire | |
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| 1531 |
| | | Francisco Pizarro leads 168 men, with about 30 horses, into the territory of the Inca empire | |
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| 1532 |
| | | Pizarro and his tiny force ambush and massacre the Inca court in Cajamarca, capturing Atahualpa himself alive | |
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| 1532 |
| | | Atahualpa agrees to buy his freedom from the Spaniards with a room full of gold and another of silver | |
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