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| | | | Portugal |
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| 1501 |
| | | Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci sets sail from Lisbon to explore to the south of the New World | |
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| 1541 |
| | | Francis Xavier, companion of Ignatius Loyola and the first missionary of the Counter-Reformation, sets sail from Lisbon | |
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| 1572 |
| | | Luis de Camoëns publishes The Lusiads, the poem which becomes Portugal's national epic | |
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| 1580 |
| | | A Spanish army marches into Portugal to claim the crown for the king of Spain, Philip II | |
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| 1668 |
| | | Spain finally accepts the independence of the kingdom of Portugal, after nearly a century of Spanish rule | |
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| 1759 |
| | | The Portuguese expel the Jesuits from Brazil, beginning a widespread reaction against the order in Catholic Europe | |
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| 1799 |
| | | A Portuguese prince regent, the future John VI, rules on behalf of his deranged mother, Queen Maria | |
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| 1807 |
| | | Napoleon launches an invasion of Portugal, increasing the likelihood of a Peninsular War | |
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| 1807 |
| | | The Portuguese royal family flees to Brazil on the approach of a French army led by Jean-Andoche Junot | |
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| 1808 |
| | | A British army under Arthur Wellesley (later duke of Wellington) defeats the French at Vimeiro, near Lisbon | |
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