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| 1492 |
| | After sailing for five weeks from the Canaries, Columbus and the Pinzón brothers step ashore in the Bahamas | |
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| 1492 |
| | Columbus and his fellow explorers make landfall on the largest of the Caribbean islands, Cuba | |
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| 1493 |
| | On Topa's death his son Huayna Capac succeeds to the throne as Inca emperor | |
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| 1493 |
| | Pope Alexander VI draws a line through the Atlantic, dividing new discoveries between Spain (west) and Portugal (east) | |
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| 1494 |
| | In negotiations about the New World at Tordesillas, the king of Portugal insists on a new demarcation line which later brings him Brazil | |
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| 1496 |
| | Diego Columbus, brother of the explorer, establishes the first secure Spanish colony at Santo Domingo | |
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| c. 1500 |
| | Even the remote city of Machu Picchu, on its peak above the jungle, is built in the massively precise Inca style of masonry | |
| | Machu Picchu Photograph Josceline Dimbleby
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| c. 1500 |
| | The female mamakuna and the male yanakuna are selected in childhood to serve the Inca state | |
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| 1500 |
| | Portuguese explorer Pedro Cabral, with a fleet of thirteen ships, makes landfall in Brazil | |
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| c. 1500 |
| | The Inca empire has about 25,000 miles of well-serviced roads, designed for caravans of llamas | |
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