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| 1464 |
| | | Mehmed II and the Ottoman Turks conquer Bosnia, where a large number of noble families convert to Islam | |
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| 1468 |
| | | Skanderbeg dies and Albania becomes fully absorbed into the Ottoman empire | |
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| c. 1475 |
| | | With Constantinople in Turkish hands, Moscow begins to see itself as the centre of Orthodox Christianity - or the third Rome | |
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| 1492 |
| | | Bayazid II, the Turkish sultan, makes a special point of welcoming in Istanbul the Jews expelled from Spain | |
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| 1517 |
| | | The Ottoman sultan, Selim I, captures Cairo and ends Mameluke rule in the middle east | |
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| 1517 |
| | | The last Abbasid caliph, captured by the Ottoman Turks, is taken as a prisoner to Istanbul - ending the authentic line of 'successors' to Muhammad | |
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| from 1517 |
| | | From Bosnia to Egypt and Arabia, the Ottoman Turks now rule the largest Muslim empire since the early caliphate - and will frequently use the title of caliph to assert their authority within Sunni Islam | |
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| 1521 |
| | | The Turkish sultan, Suleiman I, marches into the kingdom of Hungary and captures Belgrade | |
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| 1526 |
| | | The Hungarian king, Louis II, is killed in battle at Mohacs, where the Turks win a crushing victory | |
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| 1541 |
| | | Suleiman I takes Buda (now Budapest), and by 1547 the Turks occupy almost the whole of Hungary | |
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