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| 1453 |
| | Constantinople falls to a 21-year-old Muslim conqueror, Mehmed II, bringing the Ottoman Turks their capital city | |
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| 1453 |
| | The Christian emperor Constantine XI dies in the fighting in Constantinople, as the Greek Byzantine empire yields to that of the Ottoman Turks | |
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| 1456 |
| | The Turks, besieging Belgrade, are dispersed by a peasant army inspired by the preaching of a Franciscan friar, St John of Capistrano | |
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| 1460 |
| | The Turks complete the occupation of Greece, which remains within the Ottoman empire until the nineteenth century | |
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| 1464 |
| | Mehmed II and the Ottoman Turks conquer Bosnia, where a large number of noble families convert to Islam | |
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| 1468 |
| | Skanderbeg dies and Albania becomes fully absorbed into the Ottoman empire | |
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| c. 1475 |
| | With Constantinople in Turkish hands, Moscow begins to see itself as the centre of Orthodox Christianity - or the third Rome | |
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| 1492 |
| | Bayazid II, the Turkish sultan, makes a special point of welcoming in Istanbul the Jews expelled from Spain | |
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| 1517 |
| | The Ottoman sultan, Selim I, captures Cairo and ends Mameluke rule in the middle east | |
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| 1517 |
| | The last Abbasid caliph, captured by the Ottoman Turks, is taken as a prisoner to Istanbul - ending the authentic line of 'successors' to Muhammad | |
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