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| c. 1250 |
| | | A school of translation is set up in Toledo, to translate classical Greek texts from the Arabic versions into Latin | |
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| 1238 |
| | | Work begins on the Alhambra, the palace fortress of the Muslim kings of Granada | |
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| c. 1290 |
| | | The classical work of the Kabbalah, the Zohar, is almost certainly the work of the Spanish Kabbalist Moses de Leon | |
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| 1469 |
| | | The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella unites the crowns of Aragon and Castile, creating virtually a unified Spain | |
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| 1480 |
| | | Tomas de Torquemada, from a family of converted Jews, is appointed Spain's first Grand Inquisitor | |
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| 1492 |
| | | The army of Ferdinand and Isabella besieges and takes the city of Granada, completing the long reconquest of Spain from the Muslims | |
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| 1492 |
| | | Torquemada persuades Ferdinand and Isabella to expel from Spain all Jews (about 160,000) who will not convert to Christianity | |
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| 1492 |
| | | Bayazid II, the Turkish sultan, makes a special point of welcoming in Istanbul the Jews expelled from Spain | |
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| 1492 |
| | | Christopher Columbus, together with the brothers Martin and Vicente Pinzón, sails west from Palos in Spain | |
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| 1493 |
| | | Columbus returns to Spain, landing at Palos with news of his great discoveries | |
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