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| 1255 |
| | | The pope, eager to fill the vacant throne of Sicily, offers it to a son of Henry III of England but gets no firm response | |
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| 1256 |
| | | Pope Alexander IV establishes a third order of preaching friars, the Augustinians | |
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| 1258 |
| | | Henry III accepts severe curtailment of his powers in the Provisions of Oxford, but then asks the pope to absolve him from his oath | |
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| 1263 |
| | | Pope Urban IV offers Sicily to a French prince, Charles of Anjou, who marches south in 1266 to fight for the kingdom | |
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| 1302 |
| | | The estates-general of France gather for the first time, in Notre Dame, to consider the king's relationship with the pope | |
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| 1309 |
| | | Clement V moves the papacy to Avignon, in a move which is expected to be temporary but which lasts for nearly seventy years | |
|  | Avignon
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| c. 1376 |
| | | John Wycliffe, writing mainly in Oxford, is critical of the contemporary church and can find no basis for the pope's authority | |
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| 1377 |
| | | The papal curia returns to Rome in what would seem a conclusive move if there were not, two years later, two popes - one of them elected back in Avignon | |
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| 1379 |
| | | The French cardinals, objecting to the new Italian pope, elect their own man as Clement VII - and thus inaugurate the Great Schism of the papacy | |
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| 1409 |
| | | The Council at Pisa elects a new pope, Alexander V, without persuading the other two to resign - bringing the total to an unprecedented three | |
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