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| c. 1180 |
| | | In Cordoba the Muslim philosopher Averroës writes commentaries on Aristotle that are influential throughout medieval Europe | |
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| c. 1180 |
| | | In Cairo the Jewish philosoper Moses Maimonides writes, in Arabic, a much translated text with the endearing title Guide to the Perplexed | |
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| c. 1205 |
| | | The story of Parsifal and the Holy Grail becomes the subject of a courtly epic by Wolfram von Eschenbach | |
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| c. 1250 |
| | | Tannhäuser is one of the Minnesinger, the German equivalents of the French troubadours | |
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| 1257 |
| | | The Persian poet Sa'di publishes his Bustan ('Orchard'), a collection of moral tales in verse | |
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| c. 1260 |
| | | A new form of poetry is written in northern Italy, described later by Dante as a sweet new style - the dolce stil nuovo | |
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| c. 1266 |
| | | Thomas Aquinas begins the outstanding work of medieval scholasticism, his Summa Theologiae | |
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| c. 1300 |
| | | Duns Scotus, known as the Subtle Doctor in medieval times, later provides humanists with the name Dunsman or dunce | |
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| c. 1307 |
| | | Dante, in exile from Florence, begins work on The Divine Comedy - completing it just before his death, 14 years later | |
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| 1327 |
| | | Petrarch glimpses Laura in a church in Avignon and falls helplessly in love with her - or so he tells us | |
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