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| c. 1130 |
| | | A popular French poem, the Chanson de Roland, turns a minor disaster in one of Charlemagne's campaigns into a tale of epic heroism | |
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| c. 1130 |
| | | The full flowering of the Romanesque style is seen in the nave of the abbey church at Vézelay, in France | |
|  | Vezelay
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| 1144 |
| | | The new abbey church of St Denis is consecrated near Paris, introducing the style of architecture later known as Gothic | |
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| c. 1145 |
| | | A new form of pious devotion is seen in Chartres, with people painfully dragging wagons of stone to enlarge the cathedral | |
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| 1147 |
| | | The second crusade is led east by two kings, Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany | |
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| c. 1150 |
| | | In feudal France and Germany Charlemagne is by now venerated as a saint | |
|  | Reliquary head of Charlemagne
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| c. 1150 |
| | | The biblical kings and queens in the west porch of Chartres cathedral are a striking early example of Gothic sculpture | |
|  | Chartres Cathedral, figures round north door
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| 1154 |
| | | Henry II, coming to the throne of England, is king or feudal overlord of an unbroken swathe of territory from the Tweed to the Pyrenees | |
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| c. 1160 |
| | | Chrétien de Troyes and other French authors turn the stories of Arthur and his knights into a romance of courtly love | |
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| 1164 |
| | | Thomas Becket, having offended the king by his firm stand as archbishop of Canterbury, flees to a monastery near Paris | |
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