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| 1025 |
| | | Mahmud of Ghazni marches an army across an Indian desert to destroy a great temple at Somnath, killing - it is said - some 50,000 Hindus | |
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| c. 1150 |
| | | After centuries of raiding the northern part of Sri Lanka, the Tamils establish a settled Hindu presence in the island | |
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| 1211 |
| | | The leader of a Turkish army establishes an independent sultanate in Delhi, beginning many centuries of Muslim rule in north India | |
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| c. 1336 |
| | | A Hindu empire in southern India is established with its capital at Vijayanagara, meaning 'city of victory' | |
|  | Hampi, ancient capital of Vijayanagara
Photograph Josceline Dimbleby
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| 1346 |
| | | Udiana Deva, the last Hindu ruler of Kashmir, is murdered by his Muslim prime minister | |
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| 1398 |
| | | Timur devastates Delhi and loots treasure to take back to Samarkand on 120 elephants | |
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| 1477 |
| | | Ptolemy's concept of the world, with the Atlantic stretching to China and India, is printed in Bologna – fifteen years before Columbus sails west | |
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| 1498 |
| | | Vasco da Gama reaches the southern coast of India, at Calicut, after sailing across the Indian Ocean from east Africa | |
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| c. 1500 |
| | | Nanak, the first of the Sikh gurus, takes to the road as a wandering teacher | |
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| 1502 |
| | | Vasco da Gama wins a trading treaty for Portuguese merchants after bombarding the Indian port of Calicut into submission | |
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