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| | | | Medicine |
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| c. 1489 |
| | | Leonardo da Vinci begins an unprecedented series of detailed anatomical drawings, based on corpses dissected in Rome | |
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| c. 1500 |
| | | European diseases bring death on a massive scale to an American population that has no immunity | |
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| 1543 |
| | | Flemish anatomist Andreas Vesalius publishes a seven-volume work which for the first time lays bare human anatomy | |
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| 1545 |
| | | Ambroise Paré, the greatest surgeon of his day, publishes an account of how to treat gunshot wounds | |
|  | Artificial hand designed by Ambroise Paré
Wellcome Library, London
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| 1628 |
| | | William Harvey publishes a short book, De Motu Cordis, proving the circulation of the blood | |
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| 1658 |
| | | Samuel Pepys has a two-ounce stone cut from his bladder, in an operation carried out at home in the presence of his family | |
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| 1665 |
| | | The first recorded attempt at blood transfusion, at the Royal Society in London, proves that the idea is feasible | |
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| 1667 |
| | | The first successful human blood transfusion is achieved in Paris by Jean Baptiste Denis, apparently saving the life of a 15-year-old boy | |
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| 1717 |
| | | Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, observing the Turkish practice of inoculation against smallpox, submits her infant son to the treatment | |
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| 1752 |
| | | English obstetrician William Smellie introduces scientific midwifery as a result of his researches into childbirth | |
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