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| | | | Travel and transport |
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| c. 981 |
| | | Eric Thorvaldsson, or Eric the Red, sails to Greenland when he is exiled from Iceland | |
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| c. 1000 |
| | | Leif Ericsson claims to have made landfall at three places in north America, one of which he names Vinland - the land of wine | |
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| c. 1010 |
| | | Thorfinn Karlsefni leads an expedition to north America, traces of which may survive in a longhouse at L'Anse aux Meadows | |
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| 1271 |
| | | Marco Polo, aged seventeen, sets off from Venice on his journey to the east | |
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| 1275 |
| | | Marco Polo is presented to Kublai Khan in Xanadu, and according to his own account makes a very good impression | |
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| 1295 |
| | | Marco Polo is back in Venice after an absence of 25 years in the east | |
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| 1298 |
| | | Marco Polo, in prison in Genoa, is persuaded by a fellow prisoner to narrate his adventures | |
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| c. 1300 |
| | | Portolan charts, showing the coastlines of the Mediterranean, Black Sea and Atlantic coast, are the start of accurate mapmaking | |
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| 1325 |
| | | Ibn Batutah leaves his home in Morocco to go on pilgrimage to Mecca, and continues travelling for 24 years | |
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| 1391 |
| | | Construction begins on a canal from Lübeck south to the Elbe, linking the Baltic and the North Sea | |
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