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| | | | Islam |
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| c. 800 |
| | | The Ismailis become a separate Shi'a sect when they dispute the succession after the death of the sixth imam | |
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| 827 |
| | | The Arabs get a foothold in Sicily and begin a slow process, not complete till AD 965, of squeezing the Byzantines out of the island | |
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| c. 1000 |
| | | A Muslim dynasty is established at Gao, on the Niger | |
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| 1025 |
| | | Mahmud of Ghazni marches an army across an Indian desert to destroy a great temple at Somnath, killing - it is said - some 50,000 Hindus | |
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| c. 1050 |
| | | Islam reaches Kanem-Bornu, a joint kingdom encompassing the eastern and western shores of Lake Chad | |
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| c. 1050 |
| | | A Muslim dynasty is established at Kilwa, on the east African coast | |
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| 1085 |
| | | Toledo is captured from the Muslims by Alfonso VI of Castile, who continues the city's traditions of religious tolerance | |
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| 1099 |
| | | Crusaders capture the holy city of Jerusalem and massacre the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants | |
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| 1171 |
| | | Saladin deposes the Fatimid caliph and brings Egypt back to orthodoxy, acknowledging the rule of the Sunni caliph in Baghdad | |
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| 1191 |
| | | The Muslim garrison of Acre surrenders to Richard I, who orders the massacre of 2700 of its members | |
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