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| | | | Poetry |
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| c. 950 |
| | | The material of the Eddas, taking shape in Iceland, derives from earlier sources in Norway, Britain and Burgundy | |
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| c. 1080 |
| | | Omar Khayyám, mathematician and astronomer, writes four-line verses, or quatrains, in his spare time | |
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| c. 1102 |
| | | The chansons de geste, performed by professional minstrels in castles and manors, celebrate the exploits of Charlemagne and his paladins | |
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| c. 1120 |
| | | The troubadours of Provence develop a new form of love poetry in French, introducing courtly love | |
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| c. 1130 |
| | | A popular French poem, the Chanson de Roland, turns a minor disaster in one of Charlemagne's campaigns into a tale of epic heroism | |
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| c. 1160 |
| | | Chrétien de Troyes and other French authors turn the stories of Arthur and his knights into a romance of courtly love | |
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| 1257 |
| | | The Persian poet Sa'di publishes his Bustan ('Orchard'), a collection of moral tales in verse | |
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| c. 1260 |
| | | A new form of poetry is written in northern Italy, described later by Dante as a sweet new style - the dolce stil nuovo | |
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| c. 1307 |
| | | Dante, in exile from Florence, begins work on The Divine Comedy - completing it just before his death, 14 years later | |
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| 1327 |
| | | Petrarch glimpses Laura in a church in Avignon and falls helplessly in love with her - or so he tells us | |
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