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| 778 |
| | | An attack on Charlemagne's army, traditionally at the pass of Roncesvalles in the Pyrenees, is later the basis for the Chanson de Roland | |
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| c. 800 |
| | | The Jews prosper in the Muslim and Carolingian empires, forming strong communities in Spain and in Germany | |
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| c. 825 |
| | | The discovery of the supposed remains of the apostle St James makes Santiago de Compostela a new centre of European pilgrimage | |
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| c. 950 |
| | | Leon forms a loose alliance with its southern neighbour, Castile, to become the most powerful unit in northern Spain | |
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| c. 1000 |
| | | The first illustrated manual of surgery is written by Abul Kasim, an Arab physician in Cordoba | |
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| 1062 |
| | | Berber tribesmen, the Almoravids, establish a base at Marrakech from which they conquer northwest Africa and move into Spain | |
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| 1085 |
| | | Toledo is captured from the Muslims by Alfonso VI of Castile, who continues the city's traditions of religious tolerance | |
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| 1094 |
| | | Rodrigo Diaz, known as El Cid, drives out the Muslims and wins Valencia | |
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| 1147 |
| | | Seville falls to the Almohads, from north Africa, who make it their Spanish capital | |
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| 1150 |
| | | The merging of Catalonia with Aragon, by marriage, creates a power in northern Spain of comparable strength to Castile | |
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