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| 756 |
| | | Abd-ar-Rahman, escaping from the massacre of his family in Syria, establishes a new Umayyad dynasty at Cordoba | |
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| c. 780 |
| | | Islam reaches Shanga, off the east coast of Africa, with the building of a tiny wooden mosque | |
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| c. 800 |
| | | The Ismailis become a separate Shi'a sect when they dispute the succession after the death of the sixth imam | |
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| 827 |
| | | The Arabs get a foothold in Sicily and begin a slow process, not complete till AD 965, of squeezing the Byzantines out of the island | |
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| c. 1000 |
| | | A Muslim dynasty is established at Gao, on the Niger | |
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| c. 1000 |
| | | Turks from Ghazni, raiding into northwest India, renew the pressure of Islam on the subcontinent | |
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| 1025 |
| | | Mahmud of Ghazni marches an army across an Indian desert to destroy a great temple at Somnath, killing - it is said - some 50,000 Hindus | |
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| c. 1050 |
| | | Islam reaches Kanem-Bornu, a joint kingdom encompassing the eastern and western shores of Lake Chad | |
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| c. 1050 |
| | | A Muslim dynasty is established at Kilwa, on the east African coast | |
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| 1085 |
| | | Toledo is captured from the Muslims by Alfonso VI of Castile, who continues the city's traditions of religious tolerance | |
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